Publications | Trusted AI Group

2026

Efficient and Safe Molecular Assembly via Reinforcement Learning and Constraint Solving

Stefan Pranger, Bernhard Ramsauer, Oliver T. Hofmann, and Bettina Könighofer

In 43rd International Conference on Machine Learning ICML, 2026

To appear

Bib

@inproceedings{PrangerRHK26,
  author = {Pranger, Stefan and Ramsauer, Bernhard and Hofmann, Oliver T. and K{\"{o}}nighofer, Bettina},
  title = {Efficient and Safe Molecular Assembly via Reinforcement Learning
                 and Constraint Solving},
  booktitle = {43rd International Conference on Machine
                 Learning {ICML}},
  note = {To appear},
  year = {2026},
}

2025

Explainably Safe Reinforcement Learning

Sabine Rieder, Stefan Pranger, Debraj Chakraborty, Jan Kretinsky, and Bettina Könighofer

In 39th Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems NeurIPS, 2025

Bib

@inproceedings{NEURIPS2025_e68ef1d0,
  author = {Rieder, Sabine and Pranger, Stefan and Chakraborty, Debraj and Kretinsky, Jan and K\"{o}nighofer, Bettina},
  booktitle = {39th Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems {NeurIPS}},
  editor = {Belgrave, D. and Zhang, C. and Lin, H. and Pascanu, R. and Koniusz, P. and Ghassemi, M. and Chen, N.},
  pages = {157194--157223},
  publisher = {Curran Associates, Inc.},
  title = {Explainably Safe Reinforcement Learning},
  url = {https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper_files/paper/2025/file/e68ef1d02b01a7d62a3ff19f57fdc509-Paper-Conference.pdf},
  volume = {38},
  year = {2025},
}

Fairness Shields: Safeguarding against Biased Decision Makers

Filip Cano, Thomas A. Henzinger, Bettina Könighofer, Konstantin Kueffner, and Kaushik Mallik

In 39th Conference on Artificial Intelligence AAAI, 2025

DOI Bib

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/aaai/0001HKKM25,
  author = {Cano, Filip and Henzinger, Thomas A. and K{\"{o}}nighofer, Bettina and Kueffner, Konstantin and Mallik, Kaushik},
  editor = {Walsh, Toby and Shah, Julie and Kolter, Zico},
  title = {Fairness Shields: Safeguarding against Biased Decision Makers},
  booktitle = {39th Conference on Artificial Intelligence {AAAI}},
  pages = {15659--15668},
  publisher = {{AAAI} Press},
  year = {2025},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v39i15.33719},
  doi = {10.1609/AAAI.V39I15.33719},
  timestamp = {Tue, 07 Apr 2026 20:21:15 +0200},
  biburl = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/aaai/0001HKKM25.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org},
}

Shields for Safe Reinforcement Learning

Bettina Könighofer, Roderick Bloem, Nils Jansen, Sebastian Junges, and Stefan Pranger

Communication of the ACM, 2025

DOI Bib

@article{DBLP:journals/cacm/KonighoferBJJP25,
  author = {K{\"{o}}nighofer, Bettina and Bloem, Roderick and Jansen, Nils and Junges, Sebastian and Pranger, Stefan},
  title = {Shields for Safe Reinforcement Learning},
  journal = {Communication of the {ACM}},
  volume = {68},
  number = {11},
  pages = {80--90},
  year = {2025},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3715958},
  doi = {10.1145/3715958},
}

2024

soid: A Tool for Legal Accountability for Automated Decision Making

Samuel Judson, Matthew Elacqua, Filip Cano, Timos Antonopoulos, Bettina Könighofer, Scott J. Shapiro, and Ruzica Piskac

In 36th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification CAV, 2024

DOI Bib

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/cav/JudsonECAKSP24,
  author = {Judson, Samuel and Elacqua, Matthew and Cano, Filip and Antonopoulos, Timos and K{\"{o}}nighofer, Bettina and Shapiro, Scott J. and Piskac, Ruzica},
  editor = {Gurfinkel, Arie and Ganesh, Vijay},
  title = {soid: {A} Tool for Legal Accountability for Automated Decision Making},
  booktitle = {36th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification {CAV}},
  series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  volume = {14682},
  pages = {233--246},
  publisher = {Springer},
  year = {2024},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-65630-9\_12},
  doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-65630-9\_12},
  timestamp = {Mon, 16 Sep 2024 14:32:03 +0200},
  biburl = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/cav/JudsonECAKSP24.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org},
}

’Put the Car on the Stand’: SMT-based Oracles for Investigating Decisions

Samuel Judson, Matthew Elacqua, Filip Cano, Timos Antonopoulos, Bettina Könighofer, Scott J. Shapiro, and Ruzica Piskac

In 3rd Symposium on Computer Science and Law CSLAW, 2024

DOI Bib

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/cslaw/JudsonECAKSP24,
  author = {Judson, Samuel and Elacqua, Matthew and Cano, Filip and Antonopoulos, Timos and K{\"{o}}nighofer, Bettina and Shapiro, Scott J. and Piskac, Ruzica},
  title = {'Put the Car on the Stand': SMT-based Oracles for Investigating Decisions},
  booktitle = {3rd Symposium on Computer Science and Law {CSLAW}},
  pages = {73--85},
  publisher = {{ACM}},
  year = {2024},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3614407.3643699},
  doi = {10.1145/3614407.3643699},
  timestamp = {Mon, 16 Sep 2024 14:32:03 +0200},
  biburl = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/cslaw/JudsonECAKSP24.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org},
}

Abstraction-Based Decision Making for Statistical Properties (Invited Talk)

Filip Cano, Thomas A. Henzinger, Bettina Könighofer, Konstantin Kueffner, and Kaushik Mallik

In 9th International Conference on Formal Structures for Computation and Deduction FSCD, 2024

DOI Bib

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/fscd/CanoHKKM24,
  author = {Cano, Filip and Henzinger, Thomas A. and K{\"{o}}nighofer, Bettina and Kueffner, Konstantin and Mallik, Kaushik},
  editor = {Rehof, Jakob},
  title = {Abstraction-Based Decision Making for Statistical Properties (Invited
                    Talk)},
  booktitle = {9th International Conference on Formal Structures for Computation
                    and Deduction {FSCD}},
  series = {LIPIcs},
  volume = {299},
  pages = {2:1--2:17},
  publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"{u}}r Informatik},
  year = {2024},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.FSCD.2024.2},
  doi = {10.4230/LIPICS.FSCD.2024.2},
  timestamp = {Mon, 16 Sep 2024 14:32:03 +0200},
  biburl = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/fscd/CanoHKKM24.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org},
}

Learning and Repair of Deep Reinforcement Learning Policies from Fuzz-Testing Data

Martin Tappler, Andrea Pferscher, Bernhard K. Aichernig, and Bettina Könighofer

In 46th International Conference on Software Engineering ICSE, 2024

DOI Bib

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icse/TapplerPAK24,
  author = {Tappler, Martin and Pferscher, Andrea and Aichernig, Bernhard K. and K{\"{o}}nighofer, Bettina},
  title = {Learning and Repair of Deep Reinforcement Learning Policies from Fuzz-Testing
                    Data},
  booktitle = {46th International Conference on Software
                    Engineering {ICSE}},
  pages = {6:1--6:13},
  publisher = {{ACM}},
  year = {2024},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3597503.3623311},
  doi = {10.1145/3597503.3623311},
  timestamp = {Mon, 24 Jun 2024 15:20:25 +0200},
  biburl = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/icse/TapplerPAK24.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org},
}

Test Where Decisions Matter: Importance-driven Testing for Deep Reinforcement Learning

Stefan Pranger, Hana Chockler, Martin Tappler, and Bettina Könighofer

In 38th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems NeurIPS, 2024

Bib

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/nips/PrangerCTK24,
  author = {Pranger, Stefan and Chockler, Hana and Tappler, Martin and K{\"{o}}nighofer, Bettina},
  editor = {Globersons, Amir and Mackey, Lester and Belgrave, Danielle and Fan, Angela and Paquet, Ulrich and Tomczak, Jakub M. and Zhang, Cheng},
  title = {Test Where Decisions Matter: Importance-driven Testing for Deep Reinforcement
                    Learning},
  booktitle = {38th Annual Conference on
                    Neural Information Processing Systems {NeurIPS}},
  year = {2024},
  url = {http://papers.nips.cc/paper\_files/paper/2024/hash/317ccced29ed464df181c781cb436180-Abstract-Conference.html},
  timestamp = {Thu, 13 Feb 2025 16:56:43 +0100},
  biburl = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/nips/PrangerCTK24.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org},
}

Learning Environment Models with Continuous Stochastic Dynamics - with an Application to Deep RL Testing

Martin Tappler, Edi Muskardin, Bernhard K. Aichernig, and Bettina Könighofer

In 17th Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation ICST, 2024

DOI Bib

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icst/TapplerMAK24,
  author = {Tappler, Martin and Muskardin, Edi and Aichernig, Bernhard K. and K{\"{o}}nighofer, Bettina},
  title = {Learning Environment Models with Continuous Stochastic Dynamics -
                    with an Application to Deep {RL} Testing},
  booktitle = {17th Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation {ICST}},
  pages = {197--208},
  publisher = {{IEEE}},
  year = {2024},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ICST60714.2024.00026},
  doi = {10.1109/ICST60714.2024.00026},
  timestamp = {Fri, 04 Jul 2025 22:07:57 +0200},
  biburl = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/icst/TapplerMAK24.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org},
}

2023

Analyzing Intentional Behavior in Autonomous Agents under Uncertainty

Filip Cano Córdoba, Samuel Judson, Timos Antonopoulos, Katrine Bjørner, Nicholas Shoemaker, Scott J. Shapiro, Ruzica Piskac, and Bettina Könighofer

In 32nd International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence IJCAI, 2023

Bib

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/ijcai/CordobaJABSSPK23,
  author = {C{\'{o}}rdoba, Filip Cano and Judson, Samuel and Antonopoulos, Timos and Bj{\o}rner, Katrine and Shoemaker, Nicholas and Shapiro, Scott J. and Piskac, Ruzica and K{\"{o}}nighofer, Bettina},
  title = {Analyzing Intentional Behavior in Autonomous Agents under Uncertainty},
  booktitle = {32nd International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI}},
  pages = {372--381},
  publisher = {ijcai.org},
  year = {2023},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2023/42},
}

Safety Shielding under Delayed Observation

Filip Cano Córdoba, Alexander Palmisano, Martin Fränzle, Roderick Bloem, and Bettina Könighofer

In 33th International Conference on Automated Planning and Scheduling ICAPS, 2023

Bib

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/aips/CordobaPFBK23,
  author = {C{\'{o}}rdoba, Filip Cano and Palmisano, Alexander and Fr{\"{a}}nzle, Martin and Bloem, Roderick and K{\"{o}}nighofer, Bettina},
  title = {Safety Shielding under Delayed Observation},
  booktitle = {33th International Conference on Automated Planning and Scheduling {ICAPS}},
  pages = {80--85},
  publisher = {{AAAI} Press},
  year = {2023},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1609/icaps.v33i1.27181},
}

Provable Correct and Adaptive Simplex Architecture for Bounded-Liveness Properties

Benedikt Maderbacher, Stefan Schupp, Ezio Bartocci, Roderick Bloem, Dejan Nickovic, and Bettina Könighofer

In 29th International Symposium on Model Checking Software SPIN, 2023

Bib

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/spin/MaderbacherSBBNK23,
  author = {Maderbacher, Benedikt and Schupp, Stefan and Bartocci, Ezio and Bloem, Roderick and Nickovic, Dejan and K{\"{o}}nighofer, Bettina},
  title = {Provable Correct and Adaptive Simplex Architecture for Bounded-Liveness Properties},
  booktitle = {29th International Symposium on Model Checking Software {SPIN}},
  series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  volume = {13872},
  pages = {141--160},
  publisher = {Springer},
  year = {2023},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-32157-3_8},
}

Formal XAI via Syntax-Guided Synthesis

Katrine Bjørner, Samuel Judson, Filip Cano, Drew Goldman, Nicholas Shoemaker, Ruzica Piskac, and Bettina Könighofer

In 1st International Conference on Bridging the Gap Between AI and Reality AISoLA, 2023

Bib

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/vecos/BjornerJCGSPK23,
  author = {Bj{\o}rner, Katrine and Judson, Samuel and Cano, Filip and Goldman, Drew and Shoemaker, Nicholas and Piskac, Ruzica and K{\"{o}}nighofer, Bettina},
  title = {Formal {XAI} via Syntax-Guided Synthesis},
  booktitle = {1st International Conference on Bridging the Gap Between {AI} and Reality {AISoLA}},
  series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  pages = {119--137},
  publisher = {Springer},
  year = {2023},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-46002-9_7},
}

Online shielding for reinforcement learning

Bettina Könighofer, Julian Rudolf, Alexander Palmisano, Martin Tappler, and Roderick Bloem

2023

Bib

@article{Koenighofer22,
  author = {K\"onighofer, Bettina and Rudolf, Julian and Palmisano, Alexander and Tappler, Martin and Bloem, Roderick},
  title = {Online shielding for reinforcement learning},
  booktitle = {19th Innovations in Systems and Software Engineering},
  volume = {19},
  number = {4},
  pages = {379--394},
  year = {2023},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11334-022-00480-4},
}

Tools at the Frontiers of Quantitative Verification - QComp 2023 Competition Report

Roman Andriushchenko, Alexander Bork, Carlos E. Budde, Milan Ceska, Kush Grover, Ernst Moritz Hahn, Arnd Hartmanns, Bryant Israelsen, Nils Jansen, Joshua Jeppson, Sebastian Junges, Maximilian A. Köhl, Bettina Könighofer, Jan Kretı́nský, Tobias Meggendorfer, David Parker, Stefan Pranger, Tim Quatmann, Enno Ruijters, Landon Taylor, Matthias Volk, Maximilian Weininger, and Zhen Zhang

In TOOLympics Challenge 2023 - Updates, Results, Successes of the Formal-Methods Competitions, 2023

DOI Bib

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/toolympics/AndriushchenkoB23,
  author = {Andriushchenko, Roman and Bork, Alexander and Budde, Carlos E. and Ceska, Milan and Grover, Kush and Hahn, Ernst Moritz and Hartmanns, Arnd and Israelsen, Bryant and Jansen, Nils and Jeppson, Joshua and Junges, Sebastian and K{\"{o}}hl, Maximilian A. and K{\"{o}}nighofer, Bettina and Kret{\'{\i}}nsk{\'{y}}, Jan and Meggendorfer, Tobias and Parker, David and Pranger, Stefan and Quatmann, Tim and Ruijters, Enno and Taylor, Landon and Volk, Matthias and Weininger, Maximilian and Zhang, Zhen},
  editor = {Beyer, Dirk and Hartmanns, Arnd and Kordon, Fabrice},
  title = {Tools at the Frontiers of Quantitative Verification - QComp 2023 Competition
                    Report},
  booktitle = {TOOLympics Challenge 2023 - Updates, Results, Successes of the Formal-Methods
                    Competitions},
  series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  pages = {90--146},
  publisher = {Springer},
  year = {2023},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-67695-6\_4},
  doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-67695-6\_4},
  timestamp = {Sun, 06 Jul 2025 13:23:45 +0200},
  biburl = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/toolympics/AndriushchenkoB23.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

2022

Correct-by-Construction Runtime Enforcement in AI - A Survey

Bettina Könighofer, Roderick Bloem, Rüdiger Ehlers, and Christian Pek

In Principles of Systems Design - Essays Dedicated to Thomas A. Henzinger on the Occasion of His 60th Birthday, 2022

Bib

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/birthday/KonighoferBEP22,
  author = {K{\"{o}}nighofer, Bettina and Bloem, Roderick and Ehlers, R{\"{u}}diger and Pek, Christian},
  title = {Correct-by-Construction Runtime Enforcement in {AI} - {A} Survey},
  booktitle = {Principles of Systems Design - Essays Dedicated to Thomas A. Henzinger
                    on the Occasion of His 60th Birthday},
  series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  volume = {13660},
  pages = {650--663},
  publisher = {Springer},
  year = {2022},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-22337-2_31},
}

Search-Based Testing of Reinforcement Learning

Martin Tappler, Filip Cano Córdoba, Bernhard K. Aichernig, and Bettina Könighofer

In 31st International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence IJCAI, 2022

Bib

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/ijcai/TapplerCAK22,
  author = {Tappler, Martin and C{\'{o}}rdoba, Filip Cano and Aichernig, Bernhard K. and K{\"{o}}nighofer, Bettina},
  title = {Search-Based Testing of Reinforcement Learning},
  booktitle = {31st International Joint Conference on
                    Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI}},
  pages = {503--510},
  publisher = {ijcai.org},
  year = {2022},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/72},
}

Automata Learning Meets Shielding

Martin Tappler, Stefan Pranger, Bettina Könighofer, Edi Muskardin, Roderick Bloem, and Kim G. Larsen

In 11th International Symposium on Leveraging Applications of Formal Methods ISoLA, 2022

Bib

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/isola/TapplerPKMBL22,
  author = {Tappler, Martin and Pranger, Stefan and K{\"{o}}nighofer, Bettina and Muskardin, Edi and Bloem, Roderick and Larsen, Kim G.},
  title = {Automata Learning Meets Shielding},
  booktitle = {11th International Symposium on Leveraging Applications of Formal Methods {ISoLA}},
  series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  volume = {13701},
  pages = {335--359},
  publisher = {Springer},
  year = {2022},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19849-6_20},
}

2021

Online Shielding for Stochastic Systems

Bettina Könighofer, Julian Rudolf, Alexander Palmisano, Martin Tappler, and Roderick Bloem

In 13th International Symposium on NASA Formal Methods NFM, 2021

Bib

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/nfm/KonighoferRPTB21,
  author = {K{\"{o}}nighofer, Bettina and Rudolf, Julian and Palmisano, Alexander and Tappler, Martin and Bloem, Roderick},
  title = {Online Shielding for Stochastic Systems},
  booktitle = {13th International Symposium on {NASA} Formal Methods {NFM}},
  series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  volume = {12673},
  pages = {231--248},
  publisher = {Springer},
  year = {2021},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76384-8_15},
}

TEMPEST - Synthesis Tool for Reactive Systems and Shields in Probabilistic Environments

Stefan Pranger, Bettina Könighofer, Lukas Posch, and Roderick Bloem

In 19th International Symposium on Automated Technology for Verification and Analysis ATVA, 2021

Bib

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/atva/PrangerKPB21,
  author = {Pranger, Stefan and K{\"{o}}nighofer, Bettina and Posch, Lukas and Bloem, Roderick},
  title = {{TEMPEST} - Synthesis Tool for Reactive Systems and Shields in Probabilistic
                    Environments},
  booktitle = {19th International Symposium on Automated Technology for Verification and Analysis {ATVA}},
  series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  volume = {12971},
  pages = {222--228},
  publisher = {Springer},
  year = {2021},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88885-5_15},
}

Adaptive Shielding under Uncertainty

Stefan Pranger, Bettina Könighofer, Martin Tappler, Martin Deixelberger, Nils Jansen, and Roderick Bloem

In 40th American Control Conference ACC, 2021

Bib

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/amcc/PrangerKTD0B21,
  author = {Pranger, Stefan and K{\"{o}}nighofer, Bettina and Tappler, Martin and Deixelberger, Martin and Jansen, Nils and Bloem, Roderick},
  title = {Adaptive Shielding under Uncertainty},
  booktitle = {40th American Control Conference {ACC}},
  pages = {3467--3474},
  publisher = {{IEEE}},
  year = {2021},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.23919/ACC50511.2021.9482889},
}

2020

Shield Synthesis for Reinforcement Learning

Bettina Könighofer, Florian Lorber, Nils Jansen, and Roderick Bloem

In 9th International Symposium on Leveraging Applications of Formal Methods ISoLA, 2020

Bib

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/isola/KonighoferL0B20,
  author = {K{\"{o}}nighofer, Bettina and Lorber, Florian and Jansen, Nils and Bloem, Roderick},
  title = {Shield Synthesis for Reinforcement Learning},
  booktitle = {9th International Symposium on Leveraging
                    Applications of Formal Methods {ISoLA}},
  series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  volume = {12476},
  pages = {290--306},
  publisher = {Springer},
  year = {2020},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61362-4_16},
}

Safe Reinforcement Learning Using Probabilistic Shields (Invited Paper)

Nils Jansen, Bettina Könighofer, Sebastian Junges, Alex Serban, and Roderick Bloem

In 31st International Conference on Concurrency Theory CONCUR, 2020

Bib

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/concur/0001KJSB20,
  author = {Jansen, Nils and K{\"{o}}nighofer, Bettina and Junges, Sebastian and Serban, Alex and Bloem, Roderick},
  title = {Safe Reinforcement Learning Using Probabilistic Shields (Invited Paper)},
  booktitle = {31st International Conference on Concurrency Theory {CONCUR}},
  series = {LIPIcs},
  volume = {171},
  pages = {3:1--3:16},
  publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"{u}}r Informatik},
  year = {2020},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.CONCUR.2020.3},
}

2019

Run-Time Optimization for Learned Controllers Through Quantitative Games

Guy Avni, Roderick Bloem, Krishnendu Chatterjee, Thomas A. Henzinger, Bettina Könighofer, and Stefan Pranger

In 31st International Conference on Computer Aided Verification CAV, 2019

Bib

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/cav/AvniBCHKP19,
  author = {Avni, Guy and Bloem, Roderick and Chatterjee, Krishnendu and Henzinger, Thomas A. and K{\"{o}}nighofer, Bettina and Pranger, Stefan},
  title = {Run-Time Optimization for Learned Controllers Through Quantitative
                    Games},
  booktitle = {31st International Conference on Computer Aided Verification {CAV}},
  series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  volume = {11561},
  pages = {630--649},
  publisher = {Springer},
  year = {2019},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25540-4_36},
}

Synthesis of Minimum-Cost Shields for Multi-agent Systems

Suda Bharadwaj, Roderick Bloem, Rayna Dimitrova, Bettina Könighofer, and Ufuk Topcu

In 38th American Control Conference ACC, 2019

Bib

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/amcc/BharadwajBDKT19,
  author = {Bharadwaj, Suda and Bloem, Roderick and Dimitrova, Rayna and K{\"{o}}nighofer, Bettina and Topcu, Ufuk},
  title = {Synthesis of Minimum-Cost Shields for Multi-agent Systems},
  booktitle = {38th American Control Conference {ACC}},
  pages = {1048--1055},
  publisher = {{IEEE}},
  year = {2019},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.23919/ACC.2019.8815233},
}

2018

Safe Reinforcement Learning via Shielding

Mohammed Alshiekh, Roderick Bloem, Rüdiger Ehlers, Bettina Könighofer, Scott Niekum, and Ufuk Topcu

In 32th Conference on Artificial Intelligence AAAI, 2018

DOI Bib

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/aaai/AlshiekhBEKNT18,
  author = {Alshiekh, Mohammed and Bloem, Roderick and Ehlers, R{\"{u}}diger and K{\"{o}}nighofer, Bettina and Niekum, Scott and Topcu, Ufuk},
  editor = {McIlraith, Sheila A. and Weinberger, Kilian Q.},
  title = {Safe Reinforcement Learning via Shielding},
  booktitle = {32th Conference on Artificial Intelligence {AAAI}},
  pages = {2669--2678},
  publisher = {{AAAI} Press},
  year = {2018},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v32i1.11797},
  doi = {10.1609/AAAI.V32I1.11797},
  timestamp = {Fri, 04 Jul 2025 22:04:23 +0200},
  biburl = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/aaai/AlshiekhBEKNT18.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

2017

Shield synthesis

Bettina Könighofer, Mohammed Alshiekh, Roderick Bloem, Laura R. Humphrey, Robert Könighofer, Ufuk Topcu, and Chao Wang

Formal Methods Syst. Des., 2017

DOI Bib

@article{DBLP:journals/fmsd/KonighoferABHKT17,
  author = {K{\"{o}}nighofer, Bettina and Alshiekh, Mohammed and Bloem, Roderick and Humphrey, Laura R. and K{\"{o}}nighofer, Robert and Topcu, Ufuk and Wang, Chao},
  title = {Shield synthesis},
  journal = {Formal Methods Syst. Des.},
  volume = {51},
  number = {2},
  pages = {332--361},
  year = {2017},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10703-017-0276-9},
  doi = {10.1007/S10703-017-0276-9},
  timestamp = {Thu, 11 Aug 2022 15:40:49 +0200},
  biburl = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/fmsd/KonighoferABHKT17.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org},
}

2016

Synthesis of Admissible Shields

Laura R. Humphrey, Bettina Könighofer, Robert Könighofer, and Ufuk Topcu

In 12th International Haifa Verification Conference on Hardware and Software: Verification and Testing HVC, 2016

DOI Bib

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/hvc/HumphreyKKT16,
  author = {Humphrey, Laura R. and K{\"{o}}nighofer, Bettina and K{\"{o}}nighofer, Robert and Topcu, Ufuk},
  editor = {Bloem, Roderick and Arbel, Eli},
  title = {Synthesis of Admissible Shields},
  booktitle = {12th International
                    Haifa Verification Conference on Hardware and Software: Verification and Testing {HVC}},
  series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  pages = {134--151},
  year = {2016},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49052-6\_9},
  doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-49052-6\_9},
  timestamp = {Fri, 04 Jul 2025 22:06:57 +0200},
  biburl = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/hvc/HumphreyKKT16.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}

2015

Shield Synthesis: - Runtime Enforcement for Reactive Systems

Roderick Bloem, Bettina Könighofer, Robert Könighofer, and Chao Wang

In 21st International Conference on Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems TACAS, 2015

DOI Bib

@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/tacas/BloemKKW15,
  author = {Bloem, Roderick and K{\"{o}}nighofer, Bettina and K{\"{o}}nighofer, Robert and Wang, Chao},
  editor = {Baier, Christel and Tinelli, Cesare},
  title = {Shield Synthesis: - Runtime Enforcement for Reactive Systems},
  booktitle = {21st International Conference on Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems {TACAS}},
  series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  pages = {533--548},
  publisher = {Springer},
  year = {2015},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46681-0\_51},
  doi = {10.1007/978-3-662-46681-0\_51},
  timestamp = {Fri, 04 Jul 2025 22:09:47 +0200},
  biburl = {https://dblp.org/rec/conf/tacas/BloemKKW15.bib},
  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}